Dr. Oghenekevwe Harrison Etaga

Dr. Oghenekevwe Harrison Etaga is a READER in STATISTICS Department, Faculty Of Physical Sciences in Nnamdi Azikiwe University

Dr. Oghenekevwe Harrison Etaga

Staff Profile

Dr. Harrison Oghenekevwe Etaga hails from Otor-Edo in Ughelli South LGA of Delta state. Etaga is a core Comrade who believes in the ideology of Unionism. He was a two term Financial Secretary of ASUU, NAU. He is a researcher and currently the Sub-Dean of the faculty of Physical Sciences for 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 sessions. He has supervised many PGD and Master students. He is  a Ph.D supervisor and editor to about 4 journals. he has more 30 peer reviewed journal articles and a textbook. he likes farming and hunting. Currently A Senior Lecturer. Married to Mrs. Njideka Cecilia Etaga and the marriage is blessed with five boys. 

Personal Information

Email:
Phone:
Address:
Statistics, Faculty Of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Faculty/Unit:
FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Department/Sub-Unit:
STATISTICS

Academic Qualifications

Degrees / Basic Certificates
1Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Anambra State. (Doctor of Philosophy, January, 2015)
April, 2004 to January, 2015
Ph.D Statistics
2Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Anambra State. (Master Degree, April, 2004)
February, 1999 to April, 2004
M.Sc Statistics
3University Of Nigeria , Nsukka, Enugu State. (Bachelor Degree, February, 1999)
October, 1993 to January, 1999
BSc Statistics/Economics
4Uwheru Grammar School, Uwheru, Ughelli North LGA, Delta State. (SSCE, June, 1993)
March, 1991 to February, 1993
5Ogbavweni Grammar School, Usiefrun, Ughelli North LGA, Delta State. (SSCE, January, 1992)
February, 1985 to October, 1991
6Ogbavweni Primary School, Usiefrun, Ughelli North LGA, Delta State. (FSLC, July, 1985)
January, 1979 to May, 1985

Relevant/Working Experience

1Vice Chairperson, ASUU
July, 2023 to Present
2Deputy Director, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
April, 2023 to Present
3Sub-Dean, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
February, 2021 to February, 2023
4Reader, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
October, 2020 to Present
5Staff Adviser, Department of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
February, 2016 to Present
6Senior Lecturer, Department Of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
October, 2015 to October, 2020
7Staff Adviser, faculty of Physical Sciences
March, 2014 to February, 2018
8Lecturer I, Department Of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
October, 2008 to October, 2015
9Lecturer II, Department Of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
June, 2005 to September, 2008
10Assistant Lecturer, Department Of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
April, 2004 to June, 2005
11Graduate Assistant, Department Of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
February, 2002 to April, 2004

Creative Output

Books
1Etaga Harrison O, Amechi H. Igweze. (2011, June) Statistical Analysis With Excel, Minitab And SPSS
Journal Articles
1Prince O Chukwuma, Etaga O Harrison, Precious Ibeakuzie, Ifeanyi C Anabike, Okechukwu J Obulezi. (2024, January), "A new reduced quantile function for generating families of distributions", Anals of Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 7, (Issue 1), pp 1-15
2Franklin C. Oha, Harrison O. Etaga, Precious O. Ibeakuzie, Ifeanyi C. Anabike, Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2024, January), "Power XShanker Distribution: Properties, Estimation, and Applications", Engineering Open Access, Vol. 2, (Issue 1), pp 1-20
3Etaga O. Harrison, David U. Gideon, Precious O. Ibeakuzie, Divine-Favour N. Ekemezie, Mmesoma P. Nwankwo, Dorathy O. Oramulu. (2024, March), "The Double XRAMA Distribution: Theory and Applications", Earthline Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 14, (Issue 4), pp 477-500
4Dorathy O. Oramulu, Chinyere P. Igbokwe, Ifeanyi C. Anabike, Harrison O. Etaga, Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, July), "Simulation Study of the Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Estimation of a new Lifetime Distribution Parameters with Increasing Hazard Rate", Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 19, (Issue 9), pp 183-211
5Okechukwu J.Obulezi, Ifeanyi G. Anabike, Orji G. Oyo, Etaga Harrison O. (2023, May), "Marshall-Olkin Chris-Jerry Distribution and its Applications", International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Vol. 8, (Issue 5), pp 522 - 533
6Harrison, Etaga; Okechukwu, J. Obulezi; Ifeanyi, C. Anabike; Grace C. Okoye;, Chinyere P. Igbokwe; Chrisogonus K. Onyekwere. (2023, June), "The Kumaraswamy Chris-Jerry Distribution and its Applications", Journal of Xidian University, Vol. 17, (Issue 6), pp 575-591
7Etaga, Harrison, O; Ngonadi, Lilian; Aforka ,Kenechukwu, F; Etaga, Njideka, C. (2023, March), "Effects of Missing Data on the Parameters of Multiple Regression Model (MRM)", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI), Vol. 10, (Issue 2), pp 63-73
8Harrison O. Etaga , Mmesoma P. Nwankwo , Dorathy O. Oramulu , Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, September), "An Improved XShanker Distribution with Applications to Rainfall and Vinyl Chloride Data", Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 11, (Issue 9), pp 212-224
9Harrison O. Etaga , Chrisogonus K. Onyekwere , Dorathy O. Oramulu , Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, September), "A New Modification of Rani Distribution with More Flexibility in Application", Scholars Journal of Physics, Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 7), pp 160-176
10Dorathy O. Oramulu , Harrison O. Etaga , Azubuike J. Onuorah , Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, September), "A New Member in the Lindley Class of Distributions with Flexible Applications", Scholars Journal of Physics, Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 7), pp 148-159
11Harrison, Etaga; Ekwuribe C. Celestine; Chrisogonus K. Onyekwere; Ifunanya L. Omeje; Mmesoma P. Nwankwo; Dorathy O. Oramulu; Okechukwu, J. Obulezi. (2023, September), "A New Modification of Shanker Distribution with Applications to Increasing Failure Rate Data", Earthline journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 13, (Issue 2), pp 509 - 526
12Harrison O. Etaga, Chrisogonus K. Onyekwere, Omeje Ifunanya Lydia , Mmesoma P. Nwankwo , Dorathy O. Oramulu , Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, December), "Estimation of the Xrama Distribution Parameter Under Complete and Progressive Type-II Censored Schemes", Scholars Journal of Physics, Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 10), pp 203 - 219
13Harrison O. Etaga, Mmesoma P. Nwankwo, Dorathy O. Oramulu, Ifeanyi C. Anabike, Okechukwu J. Obulezi. (2023, December), "The Double XLindley Distribution: Properties and Applications", Scholars Journal of Physics, Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 10), pp 192-202
14Etaga, Harrison, O; Ngonadi, Lilian; Aforka ,Kenechukwu, F; Etaga, Njideka, C. (2023, March), "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF PROGRAMME OF STUDY IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES", Journal of Inventive Engineering and Technology (JIET), Vol. 3, (Issue 1), pp 61-78
15Okechukwu J. Obulezi, Eberechukwu Q. Chinedu, Dorathy O. Oramulu, Harrison O. Etaga, Ndukaku M. Onyeizu, Chukwuogo Okwuchukwu Ejike. (2023, September), "MACHINE LEARNING MODELS FOR PREDICTING TRANSPORTATION COSTS INFLATEDBY FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL POLICY IN NIGERIA", International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, Vol. 5, (Issue 9), pp 1053-1070
16Henry Chukwuemeka, Onuoha; George A. Osuji, Harrison O Etaga; Obulezi Okechukwu Jeremiah. (2023, June), "The Weibull Distribution with Estimable Shift Parameter", Earthline Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 13, (Issue 1), pp 183-205
17Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Aforka Kenechukwu Florence, Awopeju Kabiru Abidemi, Etaga Njideka Cecilia. (2021, March), "Poisson Ridge Regression Estimators: A Performance Test", American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 2), pp 111-121
18Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Chikwendu Peace, Awopeju Kabiru Abidemi, Aforka Kenechukwu Florence, Etaga Njideka Cecilia. (2021, April), "Waiting Time Before Justice In The Law Sector: A QUEUEING Theory", American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 2), pp 129-135
19Ngonadi Lilian Oluebube, Ezemma George Chijioke, Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Ugoh Christogonus Ifeanyichukwu. (2021, May), "English Premier League Scoreline Analysis: A Stochastic And Game Theory Approach", American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Vol. 10, (Issue 3), pp 136-145
20Etaga H.O., Okoro I., Aforka K.F., Ngonadi L.O.. (2021, December), "METHODS OF ESTIMATING CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS IN THE PRESENCE OF INFLUENTIAL OUTLIER(S)", . African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 4, (Issue 3), pp 157-185
21Harrison Oghenekevwe Etaga, Roseline Chibotu Ndubisi, Ngonadi Lilian Oluebube. (2021, December), "Effect of Multicollinearity on Variable Selection in Multiple Regression", Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 6, (Issue 6), pp 141-153
22Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Etaga Cecilia Njideka, Osuoha Chizoba Sylvia. (2020, June), "Distribution Effect On The Efficiency Of Some Classes Of Population Variance Estimators Using Information Of An Auxiliary Variable Under Simple Random Sampling", Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 8, (Issue 1), pp 27-34
23Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Etaga Cecilia Njideka, Osuoha Chizoba Sylvia. (2020, February), "EFFECT OF VARYING CORRELATION VALUES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME SELECTED POPULATION VARIANCE ESTIMATOR USING KNOWN VALUES OF AN AUXILIARY VARIABLE", African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 3, (Issue 1), pp 25-34
24Etaga Harrison O, Igwebuike Emeka K, Etaga Cecilia N. (2020, April), "TIME SERIES MODELS OF CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION AND EXPORT IN NIGERIA (1999-2015)", African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 3, (Issue 1), pp 1-24
25Etaga Harrison O. Etaga Njideka C.,Aforka Kenechukwu F. (2020, April), "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POST UTME AND UTME SCORES OF STUDENTS ADMITTED INTO UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA", African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, Vol. 5, (Issue 3), pp 88-99
26Etaga Harrison O., Etaga Cecilia N., Aforka Kenechukwu F. , Okeke Stella E.. (2020, May), "STUDENT ENROLMENT PATTERN IN ANAMBRA STATE (2001 -2015)", African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 3, (Issue 4), pp 62-71
27Etaga Harrison O., Etaga Cecilia N., Aforka Kenechukwu F. , Nzonwa Theresa U. (2020, April), "RATIO TYPE ESTIMATORS USING THE LINEAR COMBINATION OF QUARTILE DEVIATION AND POPULATION DECILES OF AUXILIARY VARIABLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME CLASSES OF ESTIMATORS", African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 3, (Issue 4), pp 37-61
28Etaga, H.O., Ajao, K., Awopeju, A., Etaga, N.C. (2019, July), "A QUEUING MODEL FOR CUSTOMERS’ FLOW IN BANKING SECTOR IN RURAL AND URBAN CENTRES", Journal of Basic Physical Research, Vol. -15, (Issue 2), pp 79-110
29Etaga, H.O., Ajao, K., Awopeju, A., Etaga, N.C. (2019, July), "BLOCKING PROBABILITY FOR CUSTOMERS’ FLOW IN BANKING SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF FOUR BANKS IN ANAMBRA STATE)", Journal of Basic Physical Research, Vol. 9, (Issue 2), pp 69-78
30Etaga Harrison. O, Etaga Cecilia. C, Eriobu Nkiru. O, Ezeiruaku Perpetua C.. (2019, October), "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME SELECTED CLASSES OF RATIO ESTIMATORS", European Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 7, (Issue 1), pp 1-41
31Etaga H.O, Nwosu, C.R., Awopeju A., Afuecheta E., Eriobu N.. (2017, March), "Admission Modalities Into Nigerian Universities: The Relationship And Transition Probabilities Of Ume And PME Scores", International Journal of Scienctific and Allied Research, Vol. 4, (Issue 1), pp 123-137
32Etaga Harrison O, Nwagboo, Chinyere J, Etaga Njideka C. Umeh Edith. U, Awopeju Bidemi, Eriobu Nkiru. (2017, August), "GENDER AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES", International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies, Vol. 5, (Issue 4), pp 6-17
33Etaga, Harrison. O., Oluka Chioma, Etaga Njideka. C. (2017, March), "Variable Selection Techniques In The Presence Of Multicolinearity: Comparative Analysis.", JSAR Journal of Modern Mathematics and Applied Statistics (IJSAR-JMAS), Vol. 4, (Issue 1), pp 118 - 122
34Etaga H.O, Umeokeke E.T, Nwosu C.R, Etaga N. C, Umeh E. U, Awopeju B, Eriobu N, Okoye V.C., Omoruyi F. A.. (2017, August), "STOCHASTIC MODELING/GAME THEORY ANALYSIS OF SCORELINE", International Journal of Physical Sciences Research, Vol. 1, (Issue 2), pp 1-13
35Etaga Harrison O, Nwosu Chinwe R, Udechukwu Chiamaka U. (2015, March), "A Comparative Analysis Of Some Almost Unbiased Modified Ratio Estimators For Population Mean With Known Population Parameters Of The Auxiliary Variable.", International Journal of Scienctific and Allied Research, Vol. 2, (Issue 1), pp 34-47
36Etaga, H. O., Mbegbu, J. I , Nwosu, C. R. (2015, September), "Hybrid Coding Method For Planned Comparison Of Treatments", International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies
37Aribodor D.N, Okechukwu P.A, Eneanya O.A, Etaga H.O. (2013, September), "Prevalence And Associated Risk Factor Of Intestinal Helminth Infection Among 5-14 Year Old In Akpo Community Anambra State Nigeria", African Journal Online, Vol. 34, (Issue 2)
38Dennis Aribodor, Mmaduabuchi Obikwelu, Chinyelu Ekwunife, Chukwudi Egbuche, Ifeoma Ezugbo-Nwobi, Harrison Etaga. (2012, June), "Preliminary Investigation On Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections In Rural Communities In Anambra State, Nigeria", Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 4, (Issue 1), pp 448-451
39Dennis Nnanna Aribodor, O. C. Nwaorgu, N. A. Ozumba, Harrison Etaga. (2011, January), "Intermittent Preventive Treatment Of Malaria In Pregnancy In Nigeria: Need For Improvement In Drug Administration During Antenatal Care", Journal of US-China Medical Sciences, Vol. 8, (Issue 1), pp 46-50
40EWUIM, Sylvanus Chima, AKUNNE, Chidi Emmanuel, ANUMBA, Anthonia Ifeoma ,ETAGA, Harrison Oghenekevwe. (2011, March), "INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH WINE FROM RAFFIA PALM (Raphia Hookeri) IN ALOR, NIGERIA", Animal Research Journal, Vol. 8, (Issue 1), pp 1328-1336
41Etaga H. O, Aribodor D. N, Ewuim S. C, Ozumba N. A. (2011, July), "Baseline Survey Of Infectivity Rates Of Indoor Malaria Mosquitoes In Communities In Awka Capital Territory Of Anambra State, Nigeria", Natural and Applied Science Journal, Vol. 12, (Issue 2), pp 115 - 118
42ETAGA H.O, EWUIM S.C, AKUNNE C.E, ANUMBA A.I. (2010, March), "INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PALMWINE FROM OIL PALM (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) In ALOR, SOUTHERN NIGERIA", NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Vol. 27, (Issue 3), pp 83-88
43Dennis N. Aribodor, Obioma C. Nwaorgu, Christine I. Eneanya, Ikechukwu Okoli, Reed Pukkila-Worley, Harrison O. Etaga. (2009, July), "Association Of Low Birth Weight And Placental Malarial Infection In Nigeria", J.infects ,Dev Ctries, Vol. 3, (Issue 8), pp 620-623
44Etaga H.O, Nsofor C.I, Osayanwen E.M, Ewuim S,C. (2008, May), "Effects Of Varying Levels Of Maggot And Fish Meal On Food Utilization And Growth Of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fingerlings Reared In Net Hapas In Concrete Ponds.", Natural and Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 9, (Issue 1), pp 78-83
Technical Reports
1Etaga Harrison O, Onyeagu Sidney I. (2010) Report Of The Baseline Findings Of Water, Sanitation And Hygiene (WASH), Health, Educational And Socio-Economic Facilities Of 18 LGA’s Conducted By RUWASSA; Supported By Ministry Of Planning/Budget Anambra State And UNICEF.

Academic Leadership Qualities

Supervisions
1"A queuing model of Costomer's flow in Banking Sector with Blocking probability" (2018). Completed Masters project by Ajao Kayode (2011556018P)
2"Time series model of Crude oil production and Export in Nigeria (1999-2015)" (2019). Completed Masters project by Igwebuike Emeka Kingsley (2013556020P)
3"Performance of selected poission Ridge Estimators Based on Sample sizes and level ofCorrelations" (2021). Completed Masters project by Aforka Kenechukwu Florence (2016556011F)
4"Determinant of Most efficient test for equality of two survival curves" (2016). Completed Masters project by Oragwam Oyinye (2010556023P)
5"Effect of Multicollinearity on Variable selection in Multiple Regression" (2023). Completed Masters project by Ndubuisi Roseline Chibutu
6"Comparative Analysis of Some Selected Classes of Ratio Estimators" (2021). Completed Masters project by Ezeiruka Perpertua Chiamaka (2013556016F)
7"Efficiency of some population variance estimators" (2023). Completed Masters project by Osuoha Chizoba Sylvia
Editorships
1Editor, "Journal of Basic Physical Research" (January, 2021)
2Editor, "Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics" (March, 2018)
Reviewerships
1Reviewer, "International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)" (January, 2023)
2Reviewer, "African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science research" (June, 2018)
Examinerships
1Examiner, "Performance of ridge biasing constant in remedying multicollinearity" (September, 2023 to September, 2023). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
2Examiner, "An extended Ishita distribution with two parameter" (September, 2023 to September, 2023). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
3Examiner, "Master Final Examination" (May, 2023 to May, 2023). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
4Examiner, "Master Final Examination" (May, 2023 to May, 2023). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
5Examiner, "Faculty Internal Defense" (February, 2023 to February, 2023). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
6Examiner, "Faculty Internal Defense Evaluation" (February, 2023 to February, 2023). Completed Internal-External Exam
7Examiner, "Masters Final Examination" (July, 2021 to July, 2021). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
8Examiner, "Faculty Internal Defense" (May, 2021 to May, 2021). Completed Internal-External Exam
9Examiner, "internal departmental defense" (May, 2019 to May, 2019). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
10Examiner, "Masters Final Examination" (February, 2018 to February, 2018). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
11Examiner, "Master Final Examination" (October, 2017 to October, 2017). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
12Examiner, "Master Final Examination" (February, 2016 to February, 2016). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
13Examiner, "Masters Final Examination" (February, 2016 to February, 2016). Completed Internal-Internal Exam
Contributions to the University/Society
1Deputy Director, "Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka" (April, 2023)
2Result officer, "Pre-science Special Taskforce on Result" (September, 2020 to December, 2020)
3Sub-Dean, "Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka" (February, 2020 to December, 2022)
4Monitor, "Exams Monitoring Committee" (June, 2016 to December, 2022)
5Registration Officers, "Registration Committee FPS" (June, 2016 to November, 2020)
6Staff Adviser, "Departmental Staff Adviser" (June, 2016 to December, 2022)
7member, "Welfare Faculty of Physical Sciences" (October, 2016)
8Financial Secretary, "Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU)" (July, 2016 to July, 2020)
9member, "Printing /Press/ Bookshop Committee Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria" (February, 2015 to December, 2022)
10Staff Adviser, "Faculty of Physical Sciences" (June, 2014 to February, 2018)
11Result Officer, "Diploma Result Officer" (January, 2013 to December, 2014)
12Fac Sport Rep, "Faculty Sports Representative in University Sport Committee" (June, 2013 to December, 2022)
13Departmental Coordinator, "SIWES (Departmental Coordinator)" (October, 2012 to December, 2017)

Membership of Professional/Relevant Bodies

1Full Member, "Nagerian Statistical Association (NSA)" - 2007056 (member since 2007), https://nsang.org
2Professional Member, "Nigeria Institute of Management (NIM)" - 83536 (member since 2006), https://nim.ng/

Relevant Events Attended

Conferences
1"MDC International Research Conference held at ESUT Business School, Enugu", (MDC International), 22nd June, 2015 to 24th June, 2015; Physical
2"NSA 33rd Conference Held at Gusau Hotel, Zamfara State", (Nigerian Statistical Association), 11th August, 2009 to 14th August, 2009; Physical
3"NSA Conference held at Nelrose Hotels, Asaba", (Nigerian Statistical Association), 2nd September, 2007 to 9th September, 2007; Physical
4"NSA conference held at Hotel Tropicana Kano", (Nigerian Statistical Association), 11th September, 2006 to 15th September, 2006; Physical
5"National Conference on Retirement Planning", (Department of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka), 25th November, 2003 to 28th November, 2003; Physica;
Workshops
1"the NSA Pre – Conference workshop held at Imo state", (Nigerian Statistical Association), Physical
2"Demographic Data Analysis using PAS. Pre-conference paper presented at the NSA Pre – Conference workshop held at Akure Ondo State", (Nigerian Statistical Association), Physical